Compressing and uncompressing directories from the command line

Wednesday, January 24, 2018 at 2:22 PM | 7 min read

Last modified on Monday, June 22, 2026 at 3:16 AM

#command line, #compressing directories, #macOS, #tar, #unix

Yards and yards of elastic

Photo by JJ Ying on Unsplash

Table of Contents

Recently, I have found the need to compress directories for upload to Canvas, an open-source learning management system (LMS) used for managing content. It became a real pain to have to leave Terminal to get the compressing done, so I decided to learn how to do it directly from the Command Line.

Excluding directories from zip compression

The problem with some of my projects is that I have directories I do not want to include, such as the node_modules directory. So this is what I did to exclude node_modules:

zip -r stripe-dropdown.zip stripe-dropdown/* -x "stripe-dropdown/node_modules/*"

The command means that I am zipping recursively everything in the stripe-dropdown directory, including subdirectories and files, but excluding the node_modules directory and everything inside of it. I have to add the full path to the node_modules directory in order to successfully ignore it. -r stands for "recursively", and the * stands for "wildcard", meaning "everything". The -x flag means "exclude", followed by the path to the directory to exclude. I was in the parent directory of stripe-dropdown when I executed this command, so the path to node_modules in stripe-dropdown relative to its parent directory, development, was "stripe-dropddown/node_modules/*". On macOS, you have to encapsulate the path to the directory to ignore with "quotes".

This is what was printed to the terminal console as directories and files were being compressed:

zip -r stripe-dropdown.zip stripe-dropdown/* -x "stripe-dropdown/node_modules/*"
adding: stripe-dropdown/README.md (deflated 55%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ (stored 0%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/favicon-16x16.png (deflated 14%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon.png (deflated 2%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-144x144.png (deflated 2%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-192x192.png (stored 0%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-precomposed.png (deflated 2%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-114x114.png (deflated 3%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ms-icon-310x310.png (deflated 6%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ms-icon-144x144.png (deflated 2%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-57x57.png (deflated 5%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-152x152.png (deflated 4%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ms-icon-150x150.png (deflated 4%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-72x72.png (deflated 5%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-96x96.png (deflated 4%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-36x36.png (deflated 8%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-180x180.png (deflated 4%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/favicon-96x96.png (deflated 4%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/manifest.json (deflated 75%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-48x48.png (deflated 6%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-76x76.png (deflated 4%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-60x60.png (deflated 5%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/browserconfig.xml (deflated 43%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-144x144.png (deflated 2%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-72x72.png (deflated 5%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-120x120.png (deflated 3%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/favicon-32x32.png (deflated 8%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ms-icon-70x70.png (deflated 4%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/favicon.ico (deflated 62%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/images/ (stored 0%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/images/profile-small.png (deflated 0%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/index.html (deflated 82%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/package.json (deflated 35%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/scripts/ (stored 0%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/scripts/scripts.js (deflated 60%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/styles/ (stored 0%)
  adding: stripe-dropdown/styles/styles.css (deflated 72%)

Unzipping a directory with the unzip command

To "unzip" this same directory from Command Line, I did the following:

unzip stripe-dropdown

And below is what was printed to the terminal console as directories and files were extracted from the .zip and inflated/uncompressed:

unzip stripe-dropdown
Archive:  stripe-dropdown.zip
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/README.md
   creating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/favicon-16x16.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-144x144.png
 extracting: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-192x192.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-precomposed.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-114x114.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ms-icon-310x310.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ms-icon-144x144.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-57x57.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-152x152.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ms-icon-150x150.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-72x72.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-96x96.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-36x36.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-180x180.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/favicon-96x96.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/manifest.json
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-48x48.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-76x76.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-60x60.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/browserconfig.xml
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/android-icon-144x144.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-72x72.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/apple-icon-120x120.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/favicon-32x32.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/brand-favicons/ms-icon-70x70.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/favicon.ico
   creating: stripe-dropdown/images/
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/images/profile-small.png
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/index.html
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/package.json
   creating: stripe-dropdown/scripts/
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/scripts/scripts.js
   creating: stripe-dropdown/styles/
  inflating: stripe-dropdown/styles/styles.css

When unzipping, be sure to be in the same parent directory as the .zip. For example, I moved mine onto the desktop so as not to confuse it with my original and complete directory in ~/development. Then I made sure that I changed into the desktop directory, cd ~/desktop, and then executed the unzip command followed by the name of the directory (stripe-dropdown) that had been zipped. No need for adding the .zip extension. No more need to leave the Command Line and go to my Mac's menu bar, searching for compress stripe-dropdown (or whatever the name of the directory I want to compress is) under the file tab, and no more need to leave Command Line to double click on a .zip to expand it into a directory. It is a great time saver!

Screenshot of Terminal window

Screenshot of Terminal window

Using tar to archive directories on macOS

tar is a file archiver program which combines multiple files into a single archive file. This file is referred to as a tarball. A tar file differs somewhat from a zip file in that .zip compresses files and folders to create space, whereas the primary purpose of a tar file is to archive files and or directories into one single file for easier storage and transfer from one computer to another. I can even transfer a tar file to an iPhone using AirDrop from my macOS. It alone does not compress by default. It can work in tandem with compression tools such as gzip or bzip2 to achieve compression.

To archive a directory with tar, I run the following in Terminal:

# this is an actual project directory I archived with tar
tar -czf wikipedia_viewer.tgz wikipedia-viewer

This resulted in:

wikipedia_viewer.tgz

The .tgz extension means that I both archived and compressed the wikipedia-viewer directory.

In order to unarchive/uncompress wikipedia_viewer.tgz, I would use

 tar -xzvf wikipedia_viewer.tgz

Which would result in:

tar -xzvf wikipedia_viewer.tgz

x wikipedia-viewer/
x wikipedia-viewer/.husky/
x wikipedia-viewer/.DS_Store
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/
x wikipedia-viewer/config/
x wikipedia-viewer/.stylelintrc.json
x wikipedia-viewer/.stylelintignore
x wikipedia-viewer/.prettierignore
x wikipedia-viewer/README.md
x wikipedia-viewer/.prettierrc.json
x wikipedia-viewer/babel.config.js
x wikipedia-viewer/.gitignore
x wikipedia-viewer/package-lock.json
x wikipedia-viewer/package.json
x wikipedia-viewer/.publish/
x wikipedia-viewer/.eslintignore
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/
x wikipedia-viewer/.vscode/
x wikipedia-viewer/.eslintrc.json
x wikipedia-viewer/src/
x wikipedia-viewer/src/index.html
x wikipedia-viewer/src/.DS_Store
x wikipedia-viewer/src/index.js
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/
x wikipedia-viewer/src/static/
x wikipedia-viewer/src/modules/
x wikipedia-viewer/src/modules/scrollStep.js
x wikipedia-viewer/src/modules/wikiViewerInit.js
x wikipedia-viewer/src/static/favicon.ico
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/styles.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/modules/
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/base/
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/base/_variables.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/base/_global.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/modules/_random.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/modules/_search.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/modules/_footer.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/modules/_results.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/modules/_section.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/src/styles/modules/_scroll.scss
x wikipedia-viewer/.vscode/settings.json
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/.DS_Store
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/ORIG_HEAD
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/config
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/HEAD
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/info/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/description
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/index
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/packed-refs
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/heads/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/tags/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/remotes/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/remotes/origin/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/remotes/origin/master
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/heads/js-refactor
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/heads/create-init
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/heads/bring-back-workbox
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/heads/master
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/heads/animated-scrolls
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/refs/heads/bring-back-glass-icon-input
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/commit-msg.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/pre-rebase.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/pre-commit.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/applypatch-msg.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/fsmonitor-watchman.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/pre-receive.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/prepare-commit-msg.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/post-update.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/pre-merge-commit.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/pre-applypatch.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/pre-push.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/update.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/hooks/push-to-checkout.sample
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/HEAD
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x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/heads/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/remotes/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/remotes/origin/
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/remotes/origin/master
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/heads/js-refactor
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/heads/create-init
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/heads/bring-back-workbox
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/heads/master
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/heads/animated-scrolls
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/logs/refs/heads/bring-back-glass-icon-input
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/info/exclude
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x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/0e/85641646c391206fda6bb80f483e65422f36a2
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/93/a1e59074b4473ffad0f1f9f4c0b9cde0564eb1
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/93/5751fd578c6cbbb351532737b3e9b3950dadd6
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/0b/2af10289cfed2bd74cdc576c14f6c088528939
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/0b/3a0484bcc68ce163e6b29dc9b470bf1ab97ad9
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/0b/3205675bf0b2354c42e0be3bc6c812c974b0d7
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/67/9aa31b313c32f4f6975ba461cafd8961b3a5e8
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/3d/5982c7bc5b24801b98f0014ac374a12fee8bb0
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/56/12cb1e43a78a2ba8a8b79f97103838d7ecbc3d
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/56/64e3e2ce4dd8e2fd20b79885104a8d50b4e7ae
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/3c/71a0628072e6780b9366a82bbd9f6819309f54
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/69/7ded8119e482e6a3dda7dcde8dabe9f12b58f6
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/35/9b8429dc4c0729d82410d54617eef1072817d1
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/35/ae585006eb53a916b33535209370d0d9c4d51e
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/32/607a6791e8f10bac4fbf3ae6eda7222b7b987b
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/6a/f7ca84b8d302e7e3441218f8226f404df8e531
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/6a/c042f6e25cd5fbd3c18f57f9f7079de20a86e5
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/9b/7b867567a47eda3e4c91b1d4b910e74314dcc2
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/6f/62c8865a41ab539f4ba59fc9e4ec70c3d68c85
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/57/2cc5ac2c2bb862ddda49ee8bc95df80c84537d
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/57/6ebd3e9672bed074cfb692d10278ec7ad4a756
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/68/9d6297996ae09f6c7ee7e46b999b3dabff3a15
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/68/29af8ebb183e0fa481d7069d9ec5a5f7a61c9f
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/68/a26f95a033403e4097d112204e56f38fd28ccd
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/50/337c309800a603aea0a314c884c0d48320c0d8
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/50/a6e6d2d0d9276c5a40132da94478a6f8ca0e87
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/3e/0300cf89d7b267586b911c8a1688d11ff5b6ce
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/66/49ee13fa806e9cab470290d033df6373137cb4
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/92/e040ed8a8a4865d61fb554da368a9a043b8f65
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/95/19f610e0442a7ae96a6e67e2264b6432bfae0b
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/0d/02fa2fa056d37ed127ed48f3df34796900a329
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/0d/53e191b7e1ea34dd7b54b3f47e6dc399a04e2d
x wikipedia-viewer/.git/objects/61/12fa6c8854144f74deb50736f05df16f76eaff
x wikipedia-viewer/config/webpack.prod.config.js
x wikipedia-viewer/config/webpack.base.config.js
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/favicon.ico
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/index.html
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/.DS_Store
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/asset-manifest.json
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/statistics.html
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/styles/
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/scripts/
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/scripts/981.e68e6bd137967e29d1c8.chunk.js
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/scripts/main.73ec74cff4d42afe8a5e.chunk.js
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/scripts/runtime.d444ad0689c7e1fa0097.chunk.js
x wikipedia-viewer/dist/styles/main.f333c33d6e4f73770bca.css
x wikipedia-viewer/.husky/_/
x wikipedia-viewer/.husky/pre-commit
x wikipedia-viewer/.husky/_/husky.sh
x wikipedia-viewer/.husky/_/.gitignore

But let's see how much compression takes place when I archive a directory using tar and compress it at the same time with gzip. I can run the command du -sh wikipedia_viewer.tgz and I get back:

du -sh wikipedia_viewer.tgz
5.0M	wikipedia_viewer.tgz

That's 5MB for the compressed archive.

If I run the same command on the uncompressed, un-archived wikipedia-viewer directory, I get back:

du -sh wikipedia-viewer
9.0M	wikipedia-viewer

This demonstrates a significant difference in the directory's compressed size and uncompressed size.

Let's see what the difference would be if I zipped the wikipedia-viewer directory:

du -sh wikipedia-viewer.zip
220K	wikipedia-viewer.zip

The difference is even more significant here.

Archiving a directory with tar without compression

If, on the other hand, I want to archive a directory using tar without compression, I would use a slightly different command:

tar cf wikipedia-viewer.tar wikipedia-viewer

Then, if I wanted to see the size of this tar file, I could run:

du -sh wikipedia-viewer.tar

Which would return:

du -sh wikipedia-viewer.tar
8.2M	wikipedia-viewer.tar

There's a small difference, but it's not from compression — tar without -z doesn't compress anything. That gap is likely just overhead from how the directory's contents are stored on disk versus bundled into one file.

Zip vs tar and gzip

If you need something to be compressed as much as possible because you are sending it as an email attachment, and you have a relatively small file-size limit, then a zip file is the way to go. If, however, you are able to transfer your archive file via AirDrop, for instance, then tar + gzip are the way to go. Technically there is no file limit when transferring a file over AirDrop, but large folders and certain file types could cause problems. Another reason to choose tar + gzip over zip is because tar + gzip preserve Unix file permissions, making them more attractive to users in Unix-like environments. Zip, on the other hand, does not preserve file permissions by default. They have to be specially configured. If they are not, file permissions are often reset to a default: 644 for files and 755 for directories. This does not bode well for software distribution, where retaining file permissions can be crucial.

Conclusion

Will it be zip or tar and gzip? It depends on what you are trying to achieve. If extreme compression is all that is important, then zip is the way to go. But if preserving metadata such as file permissions is the end goal, then tar and gzip should be your top choice!